雅思阅读课程-第四课:段落匹配
上一篇：雅思阅读第三课
在本课中，我们将学习如何回答雅思阅读中的匹配段落问题。在这类问题中，你会得到一段包含5到8段的文字和一系列标题。你的目标是将段落与适当的标题相匹配。通常最多可以有2个额外的标题。
有用信息：
标题不按照文本的顺序排列，而是随机列出的。
你需要了解每一段的大意，而不是具体的细节。
有时，这段话的前几行可以告诉你它的大意。
回答策略：
- 浏览标题列表。
- 阅读第一段。不要太关注细节，只需大致了解。你可以问自己：“作者想在这段话中告诉我什么？”或者“如果我在报纸上看到这篇文章，怎么称呼它？”。这些问题将帮助你朝着正确的方向思考。
- 仔细阅读标题列表，选择最匹配的标题。
- 如果你看不到匹配的内容，请转到下一段。
- 如果你不确定正确的匹配（你认为A段和D段可以），写下所有可能的答案。还不要猜测！也许你的一些选择稍后会被划掉。
- 继续下一段，重复这个策略。
提示：
- 不要在一段话上浪费太多时间。你可以跳过它，稍后再来。
- 试试每一段的所有标题。即使你已经使用了一些标题，最好还是仔细检查一下！
- 如果你在文本中看到一些不熟悉的单词，不要担心！在这一节中，你应该只了解每一段的大意。你可以在不知道所有单词的情况下做到这一点。
Exercise 1
https://ielts-up.com/reading/matching-headings-1.html
Simplicity reigns at London’s biggest design festival.
在伦敦最大的设计节上，简约占据了主导地位。
(A) With upwards of 300 product launches, installations and exhibitions, London’s annual nine-day design festival is a showcase of head-spinning choice. In many ways that’s the beauty of the extravaganza, everyone has a different experience and takes something unique away from it. There were however some intriguing themes and trends in this year’s edition that spoke to larger social or cultural preoccupations.
伦敦一年一度的为期九天的设计节有300多个产品发布、装置和展览，是一个令人眼花缭乱的选择展示会。从很多方面来说，这就是这场盛会的美妙之处，每个人都有不同的体验，并从中汲取独特的东西。然而，今年的这场盛会中有一些有趣的主题和趋势，反映了更大的社会或文化关注点。
(B) One was the launch of two consumer electronics products designed to simplify and beautify our technology-addled lives. Both chose the new London Design Festival venue of Somerset House to show their wares. The first was a mobile phone launched by Swiss company Punkt and designed by Jasper Morrison that allows users to make calls and texts only (well, it has an alarm clock and an address book too). Punkt founder Petter Neby doesn’t believe it will replace your smart phone but suggests users fit it with the same SIM card as your main phone and use it in the evenings, weekends and on holiday.
其中之一是推出了两款消费电子产品，旨在简化和美化我们技术混乱的生活。两人都选择了新的伦敦设计节场地萨默塞特宫来展示他们的产品。第一款是由瑞士Punkt公司推出、Jasper Morrison设计的手机，它只允许用户打电话和发短信（好吧，它还有闹钟和通讯录）。Punkt创始人Petter Neby不相信它会取代你的智能手机，但建议用户使用与主手机相同的SIM卡，并在晚上、周末和假期使用。
(C) The other electronics launch came from the unlikely French sibling duo of the Bouroullec brothers. Though tech companies like Samsung are usually prescriptive about their products the Bouroullecs (who admitted they found most TVs sad and ugly) seem to have been given free rein. Their new television for the mega Korean brand looks more like an item of furniture than an ultra-large and ultra-slim piece of tech. More importantly, it comes with simplified on-screen interaction and a ‘curtain mode’ that turns your screen into a shimmering pattern during ads or half-time. Again, their focus was on dialing down digital insanity.
另一个电子产品发布会来自于不太可能的法国兄弟组合Bouroullec兄弟。尽管像三星这样的科技公司通常对他们的产品有规定，但Bouroullecs（他们承认他们发现大多数电视都很可悲和丑陋）似乎得到了自由支配。他们为这家韩国大品牌推出的新电视看起来更像是一件家具，而不是一件超大超薄的科技产品。更重要的是，它具有简化的屏幕交互和“窗帘模式”，可以在广告或中场休息时将屏幕变成闪闪发光的图案。同样，他们的重点是降低数字精神错乱。
(D) Customizable online furniture was also very much in vogue at this year’s festival. But rest assured, weird and unreliable software or off-the-wall designs sent to a 3D printer somewhere and arriving months later, seem to be a thing of the past. Customization may finally have come of age. Two examples were Scandi-brand Hem that combinded good design by the likes of Luca Nichetto, Form Us With Love and Sylvain Willenz with affordable price points. The fact that the brand opened a pop-up store in Covent Garden during the festival is a recognition of the importance of both physical and online spaces that work seamlessly together.
在今年的艺术节上，可定制的在线家具也非常流行。但是，请放心，奇怪和不可靠的软件或被发送到某个地方的3D打印机并在几个月后到达的现成设计似乎已经成为过去。定制可能终于成熟了。两个例子是Scandi品牌Hem，它结合了Luca Nichetto、Form Us With Love和Sylvain Willenz等品牌的良好设计和实惠的价格。该品牌在节日期间在考文特花园开设了一家快闪店，这是对实体空间和在线空间无缝合作的重要性的认可。
(E) Another online configurable brand to make its debut after years in development was Warsaw-based Tylko. Like Hem, Tylko has spent time and money on very powerful and easy-to-use software, but with only three designs - a table, a shelf and salt and pepper mills - it has a way to go. Its augmented reality app is simple to use however and its table has been developed with a nano-coating option that really does appear to keep pesky stains at bay. Craft and ‘making’ in all its forms was once again a big hit and nowhere more so than at TENT, the East London design event that gets better every year.
另一个经过多年发展后首次亮相的在线配置品牌是总部位于华沙的Tylko。和Hem一样，Tylko也花了时间和金钱开发了功能强大、易于使用的软件，但只有三种设计——一张桌子、一个架子和盐和胡椒磨——它还有一段路要走。然而，它的增强现实应用程序使用起来很简单，而且它的桌子上有一个纳米涂层选项，看起来确实可以防止讨厌的污渍。各种形式的工艺和“制造”再次大受欢迎，尤其是在东伦敦设计活动TENT上，这一活动每年都在变得更好。
(F) A definite highlight was the massive space taken over by the Design & Crafts Council of Ireland and filled with weavers and potters doing their thing and showing their wares. Irish Design had another delectable stand over at the Rochelle School in East London too. The Souvenir Project was a series of nine non-cliché ‘souvenirs’ made in Ireland and included a rainbow plate by Nicholas Mosse Pottery that featured rows of animals, flowers and watering cans and commemorated the legalization of same-sex marriage in Ireland in May 2015.
一个明显的亮点是爱尔兰设计与工艺委员会占据了巨大的空间，里面挤满了织布工和陶艺家，他们在做自己的事情，展示自己的作品。爱尔兰设计公司在东伦敦的罗谢尔学校也有另一个令人愉快的替身。纪念品项目是爱尔兰制造的一系列九种非陈词滥调的“纪念品”，其中包括尼古拉斯·莫斯陶器公司的彩虹板，上面有一排排动物、鲜花和水罐，以纪念2015年5月爱尔兰同性婚姻合法化。
(G) If there was one material that could be said to define the festival it might just be Jesmonite, the wonder man-made building composite. Lighter and more sustainable than concrete, its dramatic capabilities were brought to life by London-based design studio PINCH and their tour-de-force limited edition Nim table and Swedish artist Hilda Hellström’s giant colorful volcano made for the restaurant in London’s Ace Hotel. A show called Matter of Stuff near Covent Garden was in on the jesmonite act too, but even more intriguingly was presenting vases made out of Propolis, a resinous material collected by bees and used to seal gaps in hives that, according to their designer Marlene Huissoud, behaves like glass.
如果有一种材料可以说是这个节日的定义，那可能就是Jesmonite，一种神奇的人造建筑复合材料。它比混凝土更轻、更可持续，其戏剧性的功能被总部位于伦敦的设计工作室PINCH和他们的巡回限量版Nim桌子以及瑞典艺术家Hilda Hellström为伦敦Ace酒店的餐厅制作的巨大彩色火山所赋予。考文特花园附近的一个名为“物质”的节目也参与了杰斯莫尼特的表演，但更有趣的是，它展示了由蜂胶制成的花瓶，蜂胶是蜜蜂收集的一种树脂材料，用于密封蜂箱的缝隙，据它们的设计师玛琳·惠苏德说，蜂胶的行为就像玻璃。
(H) Finally, this was the year that Chinese Design finally displayed a well-edited and inspired showcase of products. Despite the mouthful of a title, Icon Presents: Hi Design Shanghai stand at 100% Design was a meaningful selection of designers exploring materials and ideas. Young design duo Yuue’s offerings were the most representative of a new conceptual approach to design that seems to be emerging. Their lamps were functional but also thought-provoking and humorous. What more could one want from the stuff that surrounds us?
最后，这一年，中国设计公司终于展示了一个经过精心编辑、灵感迸发的产品展示。尽管标题很难理解，Icon Presents:Hi Design Shanghai的100%设计是一个有意义的设计师选择，他们探索材料和想法。年轻的设计二人组Yuue的作品是似乎正在出现的一种新的概念设计方法的最具代表性的作品。他们的灯很实用，但也发人深省，很幽默。人们还想从我们周围的东西中得到什么？
- Examples of customization (D)
Customizable …
Two examples were… - Unusual keepsakes (F)
souvenirs - keepsakes 纪念品 - A new approach (H)
…of a new conceptual approach … - A simple cell phone (B)
The first was a mobile phone… - Unbelievable material (G)
a resinous material…
树脂的;含树脂的 - A strange TV (C)
they found most TVs sad and ugly - Number of products shown on the festival (A)
With upwards of 300 product launches - Three designs of a software (E)
…easy-to-use software, but with only three designs…
Exercise 2
Black rats rainforest invasion ‘speeded by deforestation’
(A) Cutting down trees in rainforests facilitates the spread of invasive black rats, a study suggests. The rodents normally avoid mature forests with large trees as they provide little in the way of cover. But researchers, writing in Biotropica, say that logging makes rainforests more attractive for rats as fallen wood contains more insects which they eat.
（A）一项研究表明，砍伐热带雨林中的树木有助于入侵黑鼠的传播。啮齿动物通常避开有大树的成熟森林，因为它们几乎没有提供掩护。但研究人员在Biotropica上写道，伐木使热带雨林对老鼠更具吸引力，因为倒下的木材含有更多的昆虫，它们会吃掉它们。
(B) Scientists are concerned that the invading black rats will be bad news for native mammals. Sometimes called the ship rat, these rodents have spread around the world over the past 400 years, often causing the extinctions of native species and spreading disease.
（B）科学家担心入侵的黑鼠对本地哺乳动物来说是个坏消息。这些啮齿动物有时被称为船鼠，在过去的400年里已经传播到世界各地，经常导致本地物种的灭绝和传播疾病。
(C) Much of their notoriety rests on the idea that black rats were the origin of bubonic plague, although recent research casts doubt on that notion. Black rats have usually avoided older forests as they contain large trees which do not provide much in the way of ground level protection. They also tend to have leafy forest floors which are noisy for rats to run through, as they attract predators.
（C）他们的恶名很大程度上取决于黑鼠是腺鼠疫起源的观点，尽管最近的研究对这一观点表示怀疑。黑鼠通常避开较老的森林，因为它们包含大树，不能提供太多地面保护。它们也往往有绿树成荫的森林地面，老鼠会穿过这些地面，因为它们会吸引捕食者。
(D) This new study examined the idea that logging of trees in rainforests might facilitate the spread of the rodents. The researchers looked at the island of Borneo where large tracts of the natural forest have been degraded.
这项新的研究检验了一种观点，即在热带雨林中砍伐树木可能会促进啮齿动物的传播。研究人员观察了婆罗洲岛，那里的大片天然森林已经退化。
(E) It had been believed that black rats were confined to urban areas in Borneo. To test the idea that they might spread into deforested regions, the scientists trapped rats from four different species - they then attached small spools of cotton thread to their backs and and tracked their movements.
人们一直认为黑鼠被限制在婆罗洲的城市地区。为了验证它们可能扩散到森林砍伐地区的想法，科学家们捕获了来自四个不同物种的老鼠，然后将小线轴绑在它们的背上，并追踪它们的运动。
(F) Across the animals in the study, the researchers found that the black rats had the strongest preference for the type of disturbed habitat associated with logging. The increased amount of fallen wood boosted the amount of insects which the rats eat. The logged forests also have more undergrowth which provides better cover. The researchers believe that black rats favour these small changes far more than related species.
研究人员发现，在研究中的所有动物中，黑鼠最喜欢与伐木相关的受干扰栖息地。倒下的木头数量的增加增加了老鼠吃的昆虫数量。被砍伐的森林也有更多的灌木丛，这提供了更好的覆盖。研究人员认为，黑鼠比相关物种更喜欢这些微小的变化。
(G) “Logging creates micro-environments that black rats love, helping them move in,” said study co-author Dr Rob Ewers from Imperial College London. “This could be bad news for native mammals who might not be able to compete with black rats for food and resources. It’s also bad for the forest, as many small mammals are important seed dispersers, helping rainforest plants to grow, and they are also prey for larger animals.”
来自伦敦帝国理工学院的研究合著者Rob Ewers博士说：“伐木创造了黑老鼠喜欢的微观环境，帮助它们进入。”。“这对可能无法与黑鼠争夺食物和资源的本土哺乳动物来说可能是个坏消息。这对森林也不好，因为许多小型哺乳动物是重要的种子传播者，有助于雨林植物的生长，它们也是大型动物的猎物。”
(H) The researchers say that the widespread destruction of forests throughout the tropics may well be multiplying the threat from invasive species like black rats. They believe the presence of these rats could pose a significant threat to nesting birds and other small mammals. The scientists say that the way that logging is done can have a big impact on the suitability of the land for the black rats. The more dead wood that is left behind the better the black rats like it. If felled trees were more accurately cleared as well as the vines that connect the trees, the rat’s progress might be curbed.
研究人员表示，热带地区森林的大范围破坏很可能会加剧黑老鼠等入侵物种的威胁。他们认为，这些老鼠的存在可能会对筑巢的鸟类和其他小型哺乳动物构成重大威胁。科学家们表示，伐木的方式会对土地对黑老鼠的适宜性产生重大影响。留下的枯木越多，黑老鼠就越喜欢它。如果更准确地清除砍伐的树木以及连接树木的藤蔓，老鼠的进步可能会受到遏制。
- A valid concern (B)
Scientists are concerned that… - The experiment (E)
To test the idea that they might spread into deforested regions, the scientists trapped rats…
为了验证它们可能扩散到森林砍伐地区的想法，科学家们捕获了来自四个不同物种的老鼠，然后将小线轴绑在它们的背上，并追踪它们的运动。 - More food for rats (A)
因为倒下的木材含有更多的昆虫，它们会吃掉它们。 - Possible threats (H)
…the widespread destruction of forests throughout the tropics may well be multiplying the threat from invasive species like black rats. “. So H is the correct answer
热带地区森林的大范围破坏很可能会加剧黑老鼠等入侵物种的威胁 - Bad news (G)
This could be bad news for native mammals… - A place of the research (D)
这项新的研究…研究人员观察了婆罗洲岛… - The difference between species (F)
The researchers believe that black rats favour these small changes far more than related species. .
研究人员认为，黑鼠比相关物种更喜欢这些微小的变化。 - The reason for bad reputation(C)
Much of their notoriety… 他们的恶名
Exercise 3
When the flip of a coin wins an election
当掷硬币赢得选举时
(A) In the first vote to decide the US’s presidential candidates, several results were decided on the toss of a coin. How common is it for elections to be decided this way? A silver coin balanced on thumb and forefinger is pinged upwards, falls, then gives its verdict - heads or tails. In sport, it’s a common practice to decide who kicks off or opens the batting. In elections it’s rarer, but not as rare as you might suppose. In Iowa’s Democratic caucuses - a contest between Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders for the party’s presidential nomination - the results in several precincts were decided by flipping a coin, according to the Des Moines Register.
在决定美国总统候选人的第一次投票中，掷硬币决定了几个结果。以这种方式决定选举的情况有多普遍？一枚用拇指和食指平衡的银币被向上弹，落下，然后做出判断——正面还是反面。在体育运动中，决定谁开球或开球是一种常见的做法。在选举中，这种情况更为罕见，但并不像你想象的那样罕见。据《得梅因纪事报》报道，在爱荷华州民主党党团会议上，希拉里·克林顿和伯尼·桑德斯争夺该党总统候选人提名，几个选区的结果是通过掷硬币决定的。
(B) It was a series of dramatic finishes in a race the party called “the closest in Iowa Democratic caucus history”. On Twitter there were reports that contests were settled in this way in Ames, one Des Moines precinct, another Des Moines precinct, Newton, West Branch and West Davenport. In some of these cases it was reported that there was a dead heat in voting. In Ames, it was the vagaries of the voting system and the decision by 60 of those present not to vote that left the final result unclear. Party officials were contacted on a hotline to advise, and recommended tossing a coin.
这是该党称之为“爱荷华州民主党党团历史上最接近的一次”竞选中的一系列戏剧性结局。推特上有报道称，在艾姆斯、一个得梅因选区、另一个得梅因选区、牛顿、西布兰奇和西达文波特，比赛都是以这种方式进行的。据报道，在其中一些案件中，投票出现了白热化。在艾姆斯，投票制度的变幻莫测，以及60名在场者不投票的决定，导致最终结果不明朗。通过热线联系了党的官员以提供建议，并建议他们扔硬币。
(C) Unusually, all six coin tosses were won by Clinton. According to John Moriarty, Reader in Mathematics at Queen Mary University London, there would have been a one-in-64 or 1.6% chance of Clinton winning all six flips. (That’s nothing, however, compared to the time the England cricket team lost 12 tosses of the coin in a row - a probability of about 4,000-to-one.) The caucus system used in 10 US states, American Samoa and the Virgin Islands, differs from the primary system used in most states in that votes are taken in small groups rather than on a statewide basis. This makes ties more likely.
不同寻常的是，六次掷硬币都是克林顿赢得的。根据伦敦玛丽女王大学数学读者约翰·莫里亚蒂的说法，克林顿赢得全部六次翻转的几率为64%或1.6%。（然而，与英格兰板球队连续输掉12次比赛相比，这算不了什么，概率约为4000比1。）美国10个州，美属萨摩亚和维尔京群岛使用的党团制度与大多数州使用的初选制度不同，因为投票是以小组形式进行的，而不是在全州范围内进行的。这使得发生联系的可能性更大。
(D) “It’s quite an idiosyncratic process,” says Rene Lindstaedt, an expert on US politics at the University of Essex. Unlike in primaries, which are conducted like ballots, Democratic caucus-goers in Iowa show their support for candidates by standing or sitting together in “preference groups” before a head count is taken (Iowa Republicans use secret ballots or a show of hands).
“这是一个非常特殊的过程，”埃塞克斯大学美国政治专家Rene Lindstaedt说。与像投票一样进行的初选不同，爱荷华州的民主党党团成员在清点人数之前，通过站在或坐在一起的“偏好小组”来表示他们对候选人的支持（爱荷华州共和党人使用无记名投票或举手）。
(E) The Iowa Democratic party’s caucus guide states that “where two or more preference groups are tied for the loss of a delegate, a coin shall be tossed to determine who loses the delegate”. With the statewide result a virtual tie between Clinton and Sanders, the flips became one of the night’s biggest talking points, and within hours the coin had its own Twitter profile.
爱荷华州民主党的党团指南指出，“如果两个或两个以上的偏好群体因失去一名代表而并列，则应投掷一枚硬币来决定谁失去了代表”。随着克林顿和桑德斯在全州范围内打成平手，这场翻转成为当晚最大的话题之一，几小时内，这枚硬币就有了自己的推特个人资料。
(F) It’s not unprecedented for elections to be decided in this manner. The mayor of San Teodoro, a town in the central Philippines, was ultimately chosen by a coin toss in 2013 after two rival candidates both received 3,236 votes apiece. In the UK, returning officers are legally obliged to settle elections immediately if recounts fail to establish a winner. This has never happened in an election to the House of Commons, but it has in local elections.
以这种方式决定选举并非史无前例。菲律宾中部城镇圣特奥多罗的市长最终于2013年通过掷硬币选举产生，此前两位竞争对手各获得3236票。在英国，如果重新计票未能确定获胜者，选举官员有法律义务立即解决选举问题。这种情况在下议院选举中从未发生过，但在地方选举中也发生过。
(G) Worksop North East seat in Bassetlaw District Council was won by Labour on the toss of a coin in 2000 after three recounts. Christopher Underwood-Frost, a Conservative councillor in Lincolnshire held his seat by the toss of a coin in 2007. And control of Stirling District Council was decided by cutting a deck of cards on two occasions in 1988 and 1992. There are other uses for coin flips, too. Government contracts in Canada can be awarded this way if tenders are identical.
2000年，经过三次重新计票，工党通过掷硬币赢得了巴塞特劳区议会东北工作区的席位。2007年，林肯郡保守党议员克里斯托弗·安德伍德·弗罗斯特通过投掷硬币保住了自己的席位。斯特灵区议会的控制权是在1988年和1992年两次通过削减一副牌来决定的。掷硬币还有其他用途。如果投标书相同，加拿大的政府合同可以通过这种方式授予。
(H) But there remains unease about the use of making decisions so arbitrarily - even in sport, where the use of coin tosses is perhaps best established. From 2016, under an England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) trial, visiting county teams will be given the option of bowling first, and a coin toss will only take place if they decline. Perhaps the ECB will share its findings with Iowa’s Democratic Party.
但人们仍然对如此武断地做出决定感到不安，即使是在体育运动中，掷硬币的使用可能是最好的。从2016年起，根据英格兰和威尔士板球委员会（ECB）的一项试验，来访的郡队将可以选择先打保龄球，只有在他们拒绝的情况下才会进行掷硬币。也许欧洲央行将与爱荷华州民主党分享其调查结果。
- Heat in voting (B)
In some of these cases it was reported that there was a dead heat in voting.在其中一些案件中，投票出现了白热化 - A fact about the UK (F)
In the UK, returning officers are legally obliged to settle elections immediately if recounts fail to establish a winner. - Statement of the caucus guide (E)
The Iowa Democratic party’s caucus guide states that… - The way Democratic caucus-goers in Iowa show their support (D)
Democratic caucus-goers in Iowa show their support for candidates… - A parallel with sport (A)
parallel with与…作比较
In sport, it’s a common practice to decide who kicks off or opens the batting. In elections it’s rarer
在体育运动中，决定谁开球或开球是一种常见的做法。在选举中，这种情况更为罕见 - Some examples of winning by the toss of a coin (G)
was won by Labour on the toss of a coin… - An unexpected outcome (C) 意想不到的结果
Unusually, all six coin tosses were won by Clinton不同寻常的是，六次掷硬币都是克林顿赢得的 - New rule (H)
从2016年起，根据英格兰和威尔士板球委员会（ECB）的一项试验，来访的郡队将可以选择先打保龄球，只有在他们拒绝的情况下才会进行掷硬币。