上一篇：雅思阅读第四课

https://ielts-up.com/reading/short-answer-questions-lesson.html

在这节课中，我们将学习雅思阅读的阅读策略和短答题技巧。
雅思阅读中的简短回答问题与句子完成问题非常相似。同样，你应该用直接从文本中提取的单词来回答问题。并且你有一个单词限制（例如：写不超过两个单词）。
唯一的区别是，在完形填空时，你显然必须完成句子。在简短的回答问题中，你可能需要完成句子或回答问题。

在回答简短的问题时，你必须注意单词的限制。很多雅思考生都被单词限制所困扰：即使答案在逻辑上是正确的，但单词数量超过了限制，也得0分。
Tips:

• 你应该用课文中的单词来完成陈述或回答问题。
• 你有字数限制。
• 问题按课文顺序提出。
  问题或陈述不是简单地从文本中复制出来的。但它们保留了最初的意思，并包含了一些关键词，所以你可以在文本中找到答案。
  请注意，如果你被要求完成不超过两个单词的句子，你可以写一两个单词，三个单词的答案会自动出错。

回答策略：

略读课文。
阅读问题，找到可能包含答案的段落。使用关键词进行导航。
仔细阅读你找到的段落，寻找答案。
一旦你找到了答案，检查它是否没有超过单词限制。
用其他问题重复这个策略。

如果你愿意，你可以分段阅读。
提示：
确保你的答案不超过字数限制。这非常重要。
问题的顺序可以帮助你。问题4的答案将在文本中问题3和问题5的答案之间。
如果文本引入了新的术语，那么其中可能会有一些答案。

task1

https://ielts-up.com/reading/short-answer-1.html

Peanut allergy theory backed up by new research

The effects of eating peanut products as a baby to avoid the risk of allergy have been backed up by new research. In 2015, a study claimed early exposure to peanut products could cut the risk of allergy by 80%. Now researchers say “long-lasting” allergy protection can be sustained - even when the snacks are later avoided for a year. The New England Journal of Medicine study looked at 550 children deemed prone to developing a peanut allergy. The latest paper builds on the results of the 2015 research, which was also carried out by King’s College London and marked the first time scientists were able to suggest that exposing children to small amounts of peanut snacks could stave off an allergy.

The new study suggests that if a child has consumed peanut snacks within the first 11 months of life, then at the age of five they can afford to stop eating the food entirely for a year, and maintain no allergy. Lead author Prof Gideon Lack said: “[The research] clearly demonstrates that the majority of infants did in fact remain protected and that the protection was long-lasting.” He said that part of the problem was that people lived in a “culture of food fear”. “I believe that this fear of food allergy has become a self-fulfilling prophecy, because the food is excluded from the diet and, as a result, the child fails to develop tolerance,” he told the BBC News website. The researchers used the same children who took part in the 2015 study - half of whom had been given peanut snacks as a baby while the remainder had been fed on a diet of breast milk alone.

“The study found that at six years of age, there was no statistically significant increase in allergy after 12 months of avoidance, in those who had consumed peanut during the [2015] trial,” the authors said. The children taking part in the study were considered prone to peanut allergy, because they had already developed eczema as a baby - an early warning sign of allergies. Prof Lack said that further studies were needed to see if the resistance lasts for considerably longer than the 12-month abstinence period. He said that in the UK and US combined, 20,000 babies a year are being diagnosed with peanut allergies. He also said that between 1995 and 2005, the number of people being diagnosed had trebled, and this was not because detection methods had become any more advanced as they had remained the same. Prof Barry Kay, from Imperial College London, said the study’s results “point the way to completely fresh thinking on the mechanisms of tolerance to allergenic foods in ‘at risk’ infants”. Speaking about both pieces of research, Michael Walker, a consultant analyst and medical adviser to the government, said: “Taken together these are reassuring findings that pave the way to stem the epidemic of peanut allergy.”

新研究支持花生过敏理论
新的研究支持了婴儿时期食用花生制品以避免过敏风险的效果。2015年，一项研究声称，早期接触花生制品可以将过敏风险降低80%。现在，研究人员表示，即使在一年内不吃零食的情况下，“持久”的过敏保护也是可以持续的。《新英格兰医学杂志》的这项研究观察了550名被认为容易对花生过敏的儿童。这篇最新论文以2015年的研究结果为基础，该研究也是由伦敦国王学院进行的，标志着科学家首次能够表明，让儿童接触少量花生零食可以避免过敏。
这项新的研究表明，如果孩子在出生的前11个月内吃过花生零食，那么在五岁时，他们可以在一年内完全停止吃花生零食，并且保持不过敏。首席作者Gideon Lack教授说：“（这项研究）清楚地表明，大多数婴儿实际上仍然受到保护，而且这种保护是持久的。”他说，部分问题是人们生活在“食物恐惧文化”中。他在接受BBC新闻网站采访时表示：“我相信，这种对食物过敏的恐惧已经成为一种自我实现的预言，因为食物被排除在饮食之外，因此，孩子无法产生耐受力。”。研究人员使用了参与2015年研究的同一批儿童，其中一半在婴儿时期吃过花生零食，其余的只吃母乳。
作者说：“研究发现，在6岁时，在2015年试验期间食用花生的人，在12个月的回避后，过敏反应没有统计学上的显著增加。”。参与这项研究的儿童被认为容易对花生过敏，因为他们在婴儿时期就已经患上了湿疹，这是过敏的早期预警信号。拉克教授表示，还需要进一步的研究，看看这种抵抗力的持续时间是否比12个月的禁欲期长得多。他说，在英国和美国，每年有2万名婴儿被诊断出花生过敏。他还表示，在1995年至2005年间，被诊断的人数增加了两倍，这并不是因为检测方法变得更加先进，因为它们一直保持不变。伦敦帝国理工学院的Barry Kay教授表示，这项研究的结果“为‘高危’婴儿对过敏性食物的耐受机制提供了全新的思路”。在谈到这两项研究时，政府的顾问分析师兼医学顾问迈克尔·沃克说：“综合来看，这些都是令人放心的发现，为遏制花生过敏的流行铺平了道路。”

task2

https://ielts-up.com/reading/short-answer-2.html

Museum of Lost Objects: Mar Elian Monastery

For centuries, Christians and Muslims have visited the small Syrian town of al-Qaryatain to venerate a saint known as Mar Elian. But in August 2015, the shrine was bulldozed by the group that calls itself Islamic State and the multifaith community was torn apart. About 1,500 years ago, an elderly and pious man called Julian, from the far east of Mesopotamia, went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with his disciples. As he travelled home, Julian had an inkling that he was going to die before he made it. “If such a fate befalls me,” he told his companions, “put my body on an ox cart and set it loose. Where the oxen stop is where I should be buried.”

Julian did indeed die, his body was loaded on to the cart, and the oxen plodded on until they came to a stop near a small town. Julian’s disciples built a tomb for him and in time a monastery grew up around the shrine. That at least is the legend of St Julian the Old Man, or, as he is known in Arabic, Mar Elian. What’s certainly true is that Mar Elian’s shrine has existed since at least the 6th Century, near the remote town of al-Qaryatain, located in the desert between Damascus and Palmyra. Mar Elian is not only venerated as a saint by Christians, however. The local Sunni population regard him as a Sufi leader and call him Sheikh Ahmed Ghouri (“ghouri” means “priest”). Until its destruction last year, Mar Elian’s sarcophagus was draped in green satin, a traditional mark of homage to a Sufi holy man.

When the British archaeologist, Emma Loosley, travelled to al-Qaryatain 15 years ago to excavate and redevelop the monastery she found the tumbledown ruins of the original complex, a run-down church from the 1930s and a friendly priest - Father Jacques Murad - who immediately decamped to a house in a nearby village. “We couldn’t cause any scandal by sleeping in the same place,” she says. “That meant I was the only permanent resident of the monastery at that point, and I had to live in this half-ruined mud-brick tower in the corner of the cloister. “Our shower was tainted because the well had sulphur, so I used to smell like rotten eggs every time I washed.” But the Qurwani, the people of al-Qaryatain, made up for the grotty living conditions. Loosley found the remote desert community to be remarkably open-hearted and tolerant. They even had a myth to explain why Sunni Muslims and Christians - who accounted for about a fifth of the population in 2001 - lived together so harmoniously. “Their belief is that there were two tribes living in this place,” says Loosley. “With the coming of Islam, the tribes got together and they decided that one tribe would stay Christian and that the other one would try the new religion. “Then they had a pact that whichever religion became dominant, they would look after their brothers who stayed in the minority religion.”
遗失物品博物馆：Mar Elian修道院
几个世纪以来，基督徒和穆斯林一直访问叙利亚小镇al-Qaryatain，崇敬一位名叫Mar Elian的圣人。但在2015年8月，该圣地被自称伊斯兰国的组织推倒，多信仰社区被撕裂。大约1500年前，一位来自美索不达米亚远东的名叫朱利安的虔诚老人与他的门徒一起前往耶路撒冷朝圣。在回家的路上，朱利安意识到自己快要死了。“如果这样的命运降临到我身上，”他告诉他的同伴，“把我的尸体放在牛车上，然后把它放起来。牛停在哪里，我就应该埋在哪里。”
朱利安确实死了，他的尸体被抬上了马车，牛拖着沉重的步伐前行，直到在一个小镇附近停了下来。朱利安的门徒为他建造了一座坟墓，随着时间的推移，圣殿周围建起了一座修道院。这至少是圣朱利安老人的传说，或者，正如他在阿拉伯语中所说的，Mar Elian。诚然，Mar Elian的圣地至少从6世纪就已经存在，位于大马士革和帕尔米拉之间的沙漠中的偏远城镇al-Qaryatain附近。然而，Mar Elian不仅被基督徒尊为圣人。当地逊尼派认为他是苏菲派领导人，并称他为谢赫·艾哈迈德·古里（“Ghouri”的意思是“牧师”）。在去年被摧毁之前，Mar Elian的石棺一直覆盖着绿色缎面，这是向苏菲派圣人致敬的传统标志。
15年前，当英国考古学家Emma Loosley前往al-Qaryatain挖掘和重建修道院时，她发现了原始建筑群倒塌的废墟、一座20世纪30年代破败的教堂和一位友好的牧师Jacques Murad神父，他立即逃到附近村庄的一所房子里。“我们睡在同一个地方不会引起任何丑闻，”她说。“这意味着当时我是修道院唯一的永久居民，我不得不住在修道院角落里这座半毁的泥砖塔里。”我们的淋浴被污染了，因为井里有硫磺，所以我每次洗都会闻到臭鸡蛋的味道。“但库尔瓦尼人，即al-Qaryatain的人民，弥补了恶劣的生活条件。Loosley发现这个偏远的沙漠社区非常开放和宽容。他们甚至有一个神话来解释为什么逊尼派穆斯林和基督徒（2001年约占人口的五分之一）如此和谐地生活在一起。”，“随着伊斯兰教的到来，各部落聚集在一起，决定一个部落继续信奉基督教，另一个部落尝试新的宗教。“然后他们达成了一项协议，即无论哪种宗教占主导地位，他们都会照顾留在少数宗教的兄弟。”