第一课：对、错、未给出
https://ielts-up.com/reading/true-false-not-given-lesson.html

这节课，我们来学习如何回答“对、错、未给出”的雅思阅读题。
True: 陈述是正确的
False: 陈述是错误的
Not Given: 陈述的信息没有给出

有用信息：
问题按课文顺序提出。
问题重复句子中的关键词。
若问题包含文本中未说明的信息，则为“未给出”答案。

回答策略：

1. 阅读第一段
2. 查看第一段问题的答案
3. 如果你找到了一个答案，仔细地阅读整个段落，然后再回答问题。
4. 当这里没有答案，下一段，重复该策略。
   如果你愿意，你可以阅读全文，然后回答问题。

提示：
这类问题需要注意细节。不要只寻找关键词——阅读整个问题和带答案的整个句子。
像“经常”、“永远”、“从不”这样的词，有些可以完全改变问题的含义。小心！
问题的顺序可以帮助你。问题4的答案将在文本中问题3和问题5的答案之间。
如果你找不到某个问题的答案，不要在上面花太多时间，最后再回到问题上来。可能，文本中没有给出这些信息。

Exercise 1

The largest thing in the universe
宇宙中最大的东西

  More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe, astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky, spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold.
十多年前，天文学家在测量宇宙温度时发现了一些奇怪的东西。他们发现，一片横跨20个卫星宽度的天空异常寒冷。

  The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a time when it was less than 400,000 years old.
天文学家们正在测量沐浴在整个宇宙中的热辐射，这是大爆炸的一个发光遗迹。凝视这个宇宙微波背景，即CMB，就是瞥见原始宇宙，当时它还不到40万年。

  The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere, existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and how it all came to be.
  CMB覆盖着天空，在任何地方看起来都差不多，存在于2.725开尔文的微弱低温下，只比绝对零度高几度。但有了新发射的WMAP卫星，天文学家们已经开始探测微小到十万分之一的温度变化。这些随机波动源于宇宙大爆炸后半刻的量子泡沫，有助于科学家了解宇宙是由什么组成的，以及它是如何形成的。

  And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it, ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they’re homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe.
在这些波动中脱颖而出的是一个冷点。多年来，天文学家们想出了各种各样的想法来解释它，从仪器误差到平行宇宙。但现在，他们正在寻找一个主要嫌疑人：一个被称为宇宙超空的巨大空洞，如此之大，可能是宇宙中最大的结构。
  According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery, then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the case is far from closed.
根据理论，这样一个没有恒星或星系存在的巨大空洞，可能会在CMB上留下寒冷的印记。那么，这个谜团的答案可能只是一大堆什么都没有。然而，谜题仍然存在，案件远未结案。
Primordial1 - ancient, existing a very long time.
原始的1-古老，存在时间很长。

题目

1. Astronomers often find something odd on the sky.
   天文学家经常在天空中发现一些奇怪的东西。
   十多年前，天文学家在测量宇宙温度时发现了一些奇怪的东西。
   原文中没有提到，经常发现一些奇怪的东西。因此答案是Not given，未给出

2. The CMB is the thermal radiation across the entire universe.
   CMB是整个宇宙的热辐射。
   cosmic microwave background宇宙微波背景. 宇宙微波背景的缩写是CMB
   The CMB blankets the sky CMB覆盖着天空
   thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe 热辐射沐浴在整个宇宙中
   因此答案是True

3. The CMB varies from extremely low to very high temperatures.
   CMB的温度从极低到极高不等。
   existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins
   存在于2.725开尔文的微弱低温下
   因此答案是False

4. Investigation of fluctuations of temperature in the space help scientists to understand what the cosmos is made of.
   对太空中温度波动的研究有助于科学家了解宇宙是由什么组成的。
   those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of
   这些随机波动有助于科学家了解宇宙是由什么组成的
   因此答案是True

5. The cosmic supervoid is the largest structure in the universe.
   宇宙超空是宇宙中最大的结构。
   so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe.
   可能是宇宙中最大的结构
   False和Not Given很难区分。如果是添加了一些内容，那么就是Not Given
   如果是曲解了一些内容，那么就是False。
   可能是宇宙中最大的结构，那么有可能是，有可能不是。所以选择Not Given。
   如果选择False，那么代表着宇宙超空是宇宙中最大的结构，这句话是错误的。然而，我们并不确定宇宙中最大的结构是什么。

Exercise 2

The hottest month

  According to the Met Office, the UK had its warmest July day ever on July 1, when temperatures hit 36.7 C near London. There were record heat waves in many countries including Spain, while the African continent had the second-warmest July on record.

  While the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key driver of rising temperatures, another important factor is El Nino. This natural phenomenon, which appears as a large swathe of warm water in the Pacific every few years, is known to push up global temperatures.

  In recent days there have been reports that this year’s El Nino will be particularly intense. As a result, many experts believe that 2015 will be the warmest year on record by some margin.

  The seas have also been soaking up a large amount of heat, the NOAA said, with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

  Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the UK Met Office, said: “A strong El Nino is under way in the tropical Pacific and this, combined with the long-term global warming trend, means there is the potential to see some very warm months throughout this year - as the new figures for July appear to show.
最热的月份
  据英国气象局称，7月1日是英国有史以来最热的七月，当时伦敦附近的气温达到36.7摄氏度。包括西班牙在内的许多国家都出现了创纪录的热浪，而非洲大陆的7月是有记录以来第二热的。
  虽然大气中二氧化碳含量增加的影响是气温上升的关键驱动因素，但另一个重要因素是厄尔尼诺现象。这种自然现象每隔几年就会在太平洋出现一大片温水，众所周知，它会推高全球气温。
  最近几天有报道称，今年的厄尔尼诺现象将特别严重。因此，许多专家认为，2015年将在一定程度上成为有记录以来最热的一年。
  美国国家海洋和大气管理局表示，海洋也一直在吸收大量热量，太平洋和印度洋大片地区的气温创下历史新高
  英国气象局气候监测和归因负责人彼得·斯托特表示：“热带太平洋正在发生强烈的厄尔尼诺现象，再加上长期的全球变暖趋势，这意味着今年有可能出现一些非常温暖的月份，正如7月份的新数据所显示的那样。

题目

1. Africa had the warmest July day ever on July 1.
   7月1日是英国有史以来最热的七月.非洲大陆的7月是有记录以来第二热的
   因此答案选择False.
2. The temperature is rising due to the increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
   答案选择True，只要找到原文就行
3. 2015 might be the hottest year in the history.
   答案选择True，只要找到原文就行
4. Record warming was recorded in various seas, such as Black and Azov Sea.
   with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans
   太平洋和印度洋大片地区的气温创下历史新高
   such as Black and Azov Sea 原文中没有提到。
5. The year 2015 might very well consist of a number of very warm months.
   2015年很可能由几个非常温暖的月份组成。答案选择True，只要找到原文就行

Exercise 3

Is there such a thing as Canadian English? If so, what is it?

  The standard stereotype among Americans is that Canadians are like Americans, except they say ‘eh’ a lot and pronounce ‘out and about’ as ‘oot and aboot’. Many Canadians, on the other hand, will tell you that Canadian English is more like British English, and as proof will hold aloft the spellings colour and centre and the name zed for the letter Z.

  Canadian does exist as a separate variety of British English, with subtly distinctive features of pronunciation and vocabulary. It has its own dictionaries; the Canadian Press has its own style guide; the Editors’ Association of Canada has just released a second edition of Editing Canadian English. But an emblematic feature of Editing Canadian English is comparison tables of American versus British spellings so the Canadian editor can come to a reasonable decision on which to use… on each occasion. The core of Canadian English is a pervasive ambivalence.

  Canadian history helps to explain this. In the beginning there were the indigenous people, with far more linguistic and cultural variety than Europe. They’re still there, but Canadian English, like Canadian Anglophone society in general, gives them little more than desultory token nods. Fights between European settlers shaped Canadian English more. The French, starting in the 1600s, colonised the St Lawrence River region and the Atlantic coast south of it. In the mid-1700s, England got into a war with France, concluding with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ceded ‘New France’ to England. The English allowed any French to stay who were willing to become subjects of the English King.

  At the time of the Treaty of Paris, however, there were very few English speakers in Canada. The American Revolution changed that. The founding English-speaking people of Canada were United Empire Loyalists – people who fled American independence and were rewarded with land in Canada. Thus Canadian English was, from its very beginning, both American – because its speakers had come from the American colonies – and not American, because they rejected the newly independent nation.

  Just as the Americans sought to have a truly distinct, independent American version of English, the loyalists sought to remain more like England… sort of. These were people whose variety of English was already diverging from the British and vice versa: when the residents of London and its environs began to drop their r’s and change some of their vowels people in certain parts of the United States adopted some of these changes, but Canadians did not.
有加拿大英语这样的东西吗？如果是，那是什么？
  美国人的标准刻板印象是，加拿大人和美国人一样，只是他们经常说“嗯”，把“out and about”发音为“oot and aboot”。另一方面，许多加拿大人会告诉你，加拿大英语更像英国英语，作为证据，拼写的颜色和中心以及字母Z的名字都会被高举起来。
  加拿大人确实是英国英语的一个独立变体，在发音和词汇上有着微妙而独特的特征。它有自己的词典；加拿大出版社有自己的风格指南；加拿大编辑协会刚刚发布了《编辑加拿大英语》的第二版。但《编辑加拿大英语》的一个标志性特点是美国和英国拼写的比较表，这样加拿大编辑就可以合理地决定在每种情况下使用哪种拼写。加拿大英语的核心是一种普遍存在的矛盾心理。
  加拿大历史有助于解释这一点。一开始，那里有土著人，他们的语言和文化多样性远远超过欧洲。他们仍然在那里，但加拿大英语，就像一般的加拿大英语社会一样，只会漫不经心地点头示意。欧洲定居者之间的争斗更多地塑造了加拿大英语。法国人从17世纪开始在圣劳伦斯河地区及其以南的大西洋海岸进行殖民。18世纪中期，英国与法国爆发战争，1763年签订了《巴黎条约》，将“新法国”割让给英国。英国允许任何愿意成为英国国王臣民的法国人留下来。
  然而，在《巴黎条约》签订时，加拿大讲英语的人很少。美国革命改变了这一点。加拿大的创始英语民族是联合帝国忠诚者，他们逃离了美国独立，并在加拿大获得了土地。因此，加拿大英语从一开始就是美国人——因为讲英语的人来自美国殖民地——而不是美国人，因为他们拒绝这个新独立的国家。
  正如美国人试图拥有一个真正独特、独立的美国版本的英语一样，效忠者试图保持更像英国……有点像。这些人的英语种类已经与英国人不同，反之亦然：当伦敦及其周边地区的居民开始放弃r并改变一些元音时，美国某些地区的人们采用了其中的一些变化，但加拿大人没有。

题目

1. Canadian English is considered more like British English by canadians.
   加拿大人认为加拿大英语更像英国英语。
2. According to the secod paragraph, Canadian English is pretty similar to British, with some minor differences.
   根据第二段，加拿大英语与英国英语非常相似，只是有一些细微的差异。
3. The St Lawrence River was colonised by Canadians in 1600.
   圣劳伦斯河在1600年被加拿大人殖民。
   法国人从17世纪开始在圣劳伦斯河殖民。。。”。所以这条河是法国人殖民的，而不是加拿大人
4. Canadian English is considered neither American nor not American.
   加拿大英语既不是美国人也不是美国人。
   加拿大英语从一开始就是美国人——因为讲英语的人来自美国殖民地——而不是美国人。。。
5. The fifth paragraph states that many English-speaking countries adopted changes in pronounciation.
   第五段指出，许多英语国家采用了发音上的变化。
   美国某些地区的人们采纳了其中的一些变化，但加拿大人没有。“因此，我们不能权威地说，除了美国之外，其他一些国家也采用了这些变化。因此，答案还没有给出。